This tool checks a storage disks for errors and tries to repair them if any are found. However, it seems that since the KB4592438 update, the tool is no longer working properly and is actually causing more damage:
The command would find numerous errors in a file called "9" and an error in the BITMAP attribute of the Master File Table according to the report.Fortunately, the odds of an average user running into this problem aren't high but enthusiasts will need to be wary of the Chkdsk tool until Microsoft comes up with a fix.
The devices threw the stop error NTFS File System on reboot. Analysis of an active device, with check disk run already, showed that the Windows drive partition was returned as a RAW partition, suggesting that the repairs of the Check Disk tool damaged the NTFS file system.
At the moment, Microsoft hasn't confirmed the issue yet. It's unknown if other versions of Windows are also affected and there's some uncertainty about whether hard disk drives are also impacted. KB4592438 was also rolled out for Windows 10 version 2004 so that release may have the same issue.
Source: Ghacks